Docker基础Part2——基本命令

[TOC]

帮助命令

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docker version  # 版本信息
docker info  # 系统信息，包括镜像、容器、运行状态、插件
docker 命令 --help

帮助文档 https://docs.docker.com/reference/

镜像命令

注意这里是镜像，不是容器。

docker images

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[root@VM-1-14-centos ~]# docker images
REPOSITORY    TAG       IMAGE ID       CREATED       SIZE
hello-world   latest    d1165f221234   6 weeks ago   13.3kB

# 解释
REPOSITORY：镜像的仓库源
TAG：镜像的标签
IMAGE ID：镜像ID
CREATED：镜像创建时间
SIZE：镜像大小

# 可选项
  -a, --all             # 列出所有镜像
  -q, --quiet           # 只显示镜像
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[root@VM-1-14-centos ~]# docker search mysql
NAME                              DESCRIPTION                                     STARS     OFFICIAL   AUTOMATED
mysql                             MySQL is a widely used, open-source relation…   10777     [OK]       
mariadb                           MariaDB Server is a high performing open sou…   4058      [OK]       
......

# 可选项
  -f, --filter filter   Filter output based on conditions provided
      --format string   Pretty-print search using a Go template
      --limit int       Max number of search results (default 25)
      --no-trunc        Don't truncate output
      
# demo
docker search mysql --filter=STARS=3000  # 只显示stars>=3k的

docker pull

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[root@VM-1-14-centos ~]# docker pull mysql
Using default tag: latest  # 不指定tag则默认latest
latest: Pulling from library/mysql
f7ec5a41d630: Pull complete  # 分层下载是docker的核心，联合文件系统
9444bb562699: Pull complete 
6a4207b96940: Pull complete 
181cefd361ce: Pull complete 
8a2090759d8a: Pull complete 
15f235e0d7ee: Pull complete 
d870539cd9db: Pull complete 
493aaa84617a: Pull complete 
bfc0e534fc78: Pull complete 
fae20d253f9d: Pull complete 
9350664305b3: Pull complete 
e47da95a5aab: Pull complete 
Digest: sha256:04ee7141256e83797ea4a84a4d31b1f1bc10111c8d1bc1879d52729ccd19e20a  # 签名
Status: Downloaded newer image for mysql:latest
docker.io/library/mysql:latest  # 真实地址 

# 两者等价
docker pull mysql
docker pull docker.io/library/mysql:latest

# 指定版本下载(一定要来源于官方支持的版本)
[root@VM-1-14-centos ~]# docker pull mysql:5.7
5.7: Pulling from library/mysql
f7ec5a41d630: Already exists  # 已存在的部分分层文件可以共用，不需要重复下载
9444bb562699: Already exists 
6a4207b96940: Already exists 
181cefd361ce: Already exists 
8a2090759d8a: Already exists 
15f235e0d7ee: Already exists 
d870539cd9db: Already exists 
cb7af63cbefa: Pull complete  # 只需要更新不同的文件
151f1721bdbf: Pull complete 
fcd19c3dd488: Pull complete 
415af2aa5ddc: Pull complete 
Digest: sha256:a655529fdfcbaf0ef28984d68a3e21778e061c886ff458b677391924f62fb457
Status: Downloaded newer image for mysql:5.7
docker.io/library/mysql:5.7

# 可选项
  -a, --all-tags                Download all tagged images in the repository
      --disable-content-trust   Skip image verification (default true)
      --platform string         Set platform if server is multi-platform capable
  -q, --quiet                   Suppress verbose output

docker rmi

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[root@VM-1-14-centos ~]# docker rmi -f 87eca374c0ed
Untagged: mysql:5.7
Untagged: mysql@sha256:a655529fdfcbaf0ef28984d68a3e21778e061c886ff458b677391924f62fb457
Deleted: sha256:87eca374c0ed97f0f0b504174b0d22b0a0add454414c0dbf5ae43870369f6854  # 只删除了5.7部分
Deleted: sha256:3b035442a2f8d52d6c5c2d83a18c6c21a89b4dc6c89b481bcf40df89087655ce
Deleted: sha256:a223f1762b2c619a59b81fc2304bf4c9b791c777c8bdb19760c09cbd1f061efc
Deleted: sha256:92402939b3fd03bee3745eb90df9799bcb7d0ef92ca8ecf7ef37ad9c8a550084
Deleted: sha256:028b21e33aa4cd9c88acdd194d5cbef25638ffbca8669bfc0da72ad1eb148997

# rmi中i表示image
# -f全部删除
# 可以通过镜像的名字或者id删

# 删除多个/所有镜像
[root@VM-1-14-centos ~]# docker rmi -f $(docker images -aq)

容器命令

启动容器

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docker run [ option ] image

# 参数说明
-name="Name"  # 容器名字
-d            # 后台方式运行
-it           # 使用交互方式运行，进入容器查看内容
-p            # 指定容器端口 -p 8080:8080
    -p ip:主机端口:容器端口
    -p 主机端口:容器端口  # 常用，将主机端口映射到容器端口
    -p 容器端口  # 内部使用
    容器端口
-P            # 随机指定端口

每次run都是新建一个容器！

demo

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# 在 linux 上下载 centos 镜像，启动并进入容器
# 使用 /bin/bash 或 /bin/sh 启用控制台命令交互
# 此处主机名 33a022c1918a 就是容器id
# 此时这个容器内部就是一个centos系统，但是很多地方不完善
# exit退出镜像回到主机
[root@VM-1-14-centos ~]# docker pull centos
[root@VM-1-14-centos ~]# docker run -it centos /bin/bash
[root@33a022c1918a /]# ls
bin  dev  etc  home  lib  lib64  lost+found  media  mnt  opt  proc  root  run  sbin  srv  sys  tmp  usr  var
[root@33a022c1918a /]# exit
exit
[root@VM-1-14-centos ~]# ls /
bin  boot  data  dev  etc  home  lib  lib64  lost+found  media  mnt  opt  proc  root  run  sbin  srv  sys  tmp  usr  var

查看容器

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docker ps [ options ]

Options:
  -a, --all             # 列出当前正在运行(默认)+历史运行过的容器
  -n, --last int        # 最近n个创建过的容器
  -q, --quiet           # 只显示id

demo

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[root@VM-1-14-centos ~]# docker ps
CONTAINER ID   IMAGE     COMMAND   CREATED   STATUS    PORTS     NAMES
[root@VM-1-14-centos ~]# docker ps -all
CONTAINER ID   IMAGE     COMMAND       CREATED          STATUS                       PORTS     NAMES
33a022c1918a   centos    "/bin/bash"   13 minutes ago   Exited (127) 9 minutes ago             nostalgic_hermann
[root@VM-1-14-centos ~]# docker ps -a
CONTAINER ID   IMAGE          COMMAND       CREATED          STATUS                       PORTS     NAMES
33a022c1918a   centos         "/bin/bash"   14 minutes ago   Exited (127) 9 minutes ago             nostalgic_hermann
d036353864f6   d1165f221234   "/hello"      2 days ago       Exited (0) 2 days ago                  cranky_nash
[root@VM-1-14-centos ~]# docker ps -aq
33a022c1918a
d036353864f6

退出容器

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exit  # 退出并停止容器运行
ctrl+P+Q  # 退出但不停止

删除容器

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docker rm 容器id  # 删除指定的容器，不能删除正在运行的容器，除非 rm -f
docker rm -f $(docker ps -aq)  # 删除所有容器
docker ps -aq | xargs docker rm  # 删除所有容器

启动/停止容器

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docker start 容器id  # 启动
docker restart 容器id  # 重启
docker stop 容器id  # 停止
docker kill 容器id  # 强制停止

其他命令

后台启动容器

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# docker run -d 镜像
[root@VM-1-14-centos ~]# docker run -d centos
9dfce832258f344250b3ad0ddaed6e55a9e4ae711a558bb5083dcf9162dd551b

# 虽然创建了容器后台运行，但是没有检测到前台应用进程，所以自动停止了。
# 例如：Nginx容器启动之后，发现自己没有提供服务，就立刻停止

查看日志

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docker logs

Options:
      --details        Show extra details provided to logs
  -f, --follow         Follow log output
      --since string   Show logs since timestamp (e.g. 2013-01-02T13:23:37Z) or relative (e.g. 42m for 42 minutes)
  -n, --tail string    Number of lines to show from the end of the logs (default "all")
  -t, --timestamps     Show timestamps
      --until string   Show logs before a timestamp (e.g. 2013-01-02T13:23:37Z) or relative (e.g. 42m for 42 minutes)

demo

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[root@VM-1-14-centos ~]# docker run -d centos /bin/bash -c "while true;do echo NephrenCake;sleep 1;done"
[root@VM-1-14-centos ~]# docker ps
CONTAINER ID   IMAGE     COMMAND                  CREATED         STATUS         PORTS     NAMES
813d27116121   centos    "/bin/bash -c 'while…"   7 minutes ago   Up 7 minutes             peaceful_gag
[root@VM-1-14-centos ~]# docker logs -f -t --tail 5 813d27116121
2021-04-23T06:18:08.137574755Z NephrenCake
......  # ctrl + c 退出
[root@VM-1-14-centos ~]# docker stop 813d27116121

查看容器中进程信息

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docker top 进程id

demo

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[root@VM-1-14-centos ~]# docker restart 813d27116121
813d27116121
[root@VM-1-14-centos ~]# docker logs -ft --tail 5 813d27116121
2021-04-23T06:38:02.133138721Z NephrenCake
......  # restart重新启动，依然执行之前的命令
[root@VM-1-14-centos ~]# docker top 813d27116121
UID                 PID                 PPID                C                   STIME               TTY                 TIME                CMD
root                11818               11796               0                   14:38               ?                   00:00:00            /bin/bash -c while true;do echo NephrenCake;sleep 1;done
root                11935               11818               0                   14:38               ?                   00:00:00            /usr/bin/coreutils --coreutils-prog-shebang=sleep /usr/bin/sleep 1

查看镜像的元数据

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docker inspect [ options ] 容器id

Options:
  -f, --format string   Format the output using the given Go template
  -s, --size            Display total file sizes if the type is container
      --type string     Return JSON for specified type

demo

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# 容器的元数据================================================================================================
[root@VM-1-14-centos ~]# docker inspect 813d27116121
[
    {
        "Id": "813d2711612126bdc63c81b30d29f11894f4d51a179749e33b1500e917b56b38",  # 使用的id只是全id的缩写
        "Created": "2021-04-23T06:09:40.625524708Z",  # 创建时间
        "Path": "/bin/bash",  # 控制台目录
        "Args": [  # 传递的参数
            "-c",
            "while true;do echo NephrenCake;sleep 1;done"
        ],
        "State": {
            "Status": "running",
            "Running": true,
            "Paused": false,
            "Restarting": false,
            "OOMKilled": false,
            "Dead": false,
            "Pid": 11818,  # 父进程id
            "ExitCode": 0,
            "Error": "",
            "StartedAt": "2021-04-23T06:38:02.136315705Z",
            "FinishedAt": "2021-04-23T06:23:18.602040203Z"
        },
        "Image": "sha256:300e315adb2f96afe5f0b2780b87f28ae95231fe3bdd1e16b9ba606307728f55",  # 镜像源
        "ResolvConfPath": "/var/lib/docker/containers/813d2711612126bdc63c81b30d29f11894f4d51a179749e33b1500e917b56b38/resolv.conf",
        "HostnamePath": "/var/lib/docker/containers/813d2711612126bdc63c81b30d29f11894f4d51a179749e33b1500e917b56b38/hostname",
        "HostsPath": "/var/lib/docker/containers/813d2711612126bdc63c81b30d29f11894f4d51a179749e33b1500e917b56b38/hosts",
        "LogPath": "/var/lib/docker/containers/813d2711612126bdc63c81b30d29f11894f4d51a179749e33b1500e917b56b38/813d2711612126bdc63c81b30d29f11894f4d51a179749e33b1500e917b56b38-json.log",
        "Name": "/peaceful_gagarin",
        "RestartCount": 0,
        "Driver": "overlay2",
        "Platform": "linux",
        "MountLabel": "",
        "ProcessLabel": "",
        "AppArmorProfile": "",
        "ExecIDs": null,
        "HostConfig": {  # 主机配置
            "Binds": null,
            "ContainerIDFile": "",
            "LogConfig": {
                "Type": "json-file",
                "Config": {}
            },
            "NetworkMode": "default",
            "PortBindings": {},
            "RestartPolicy": {
                "Name": "no",
                "MaximumRetryCount": 0
            },
            "AutoRemove": false,
            "VolumeDriver": "",
            "VolumesFrom": null,
            "CapAdd": null,
            "CapDrop": null,
            "CgroupnsMode": "host",
            "Dns": [],
            "DnsOptions": [],
            "DnsSearch": [],
            "ExtraHosts": null,
            "GroupAdd": null,
            "IpcMode": "private",
            "Cgroup": "",
            "Links": null,
            "OomScoreAdj": 0,
            "PidMode": "",
            "Privileged": false,
            "PublishAllPorts": false,
            "ReadonlyRootfs": false,
            "SecurityOpt": null,
            "UTSMode": "",
            "UsernsMode": "",
            "ShmSize": 67108864,
            "Runtime": "runc",
            "ConsoleSize": [
                0,
                0
            ],
            "Isolation": "",
            "CpuShares": 0,
            "Memory": 0,
            "NanoCpus": 0,
            "CgroupParent": "",
            "BlkioWeight": 0,
            "BlkioWeightDevice": [],
            "BlkioDeviceReadBps": null,
            "BlkioDeviceWriteBps": null,
            "BlkioDeviceReadIOps": null,
            "BlkioDeviceWriteIOps": null,
            "CpuPeriod": 0,
            "CpuQuota": 0,
            "CpuRealtimePeriod": 0,
            "CpuRealtimeRuntime": 0,
            "CpusetCpus": "",
            "CpusetMems": "",
            "Devices": [],
            "DeviceCgroupRules": null,
            "DeviceRequests": null,
            "KernelMemory": 0,
            "KernelMemoryTCP": 0,
            "MemoryReservation": 0,
            "MemorySwap": 0,
            "MemorySwappiness": null,
            "OomKillDisable": false,
            "PidsLimit": null,
            "Ulimits": null,
            "CpuCount": 0,
            "CpuPercent": 0,
            "IOMaximumIOps": 0,
            "IOMaximumBandwidth": 0,
            "MaskedPaths": [
                "/proc/asound",
                "/proc/acpi",
                "/proc/kcore",
                "/proc/keys",
                "/proc/latency_stats",
                "/proc/timer_list",
                "/proc/timer_stats",
                "/proc/sched_debug",
                "/proc/scsi",
                "/sys/firmware"
            ],
            "ReadonlyPaths": [
                "/proc/bus",
                "/proc/fs",
                "/proc/irq",
                "/proc/sys",
                "/proc/sysrq-trigger"
            ]
        },
        "GraphDriver": {
            "Data": {
                "LowerDir": "/var/lib/docker/overlay2/b6d0d37faec7c071970c4880b019ff1d55f117ef18406c988b813f302bb227d0-init/diff:/var/lib/docker/overlay2/e7f999e147eaa9cc6658059fe0a66e6f6bca79957c99cf69bfe563b82bcbd2be/diff",
                "MergedDir": "/var/lib/docker/overlay2/b6d0d37faec7c071970c4880b019ff1d55f117ef18406c988b813f302bb227d0/merged",
                "UpperDir": "/var/lib/docker/overlay2/b6d0d37faec7c071970c4880b019ff1d55f117ef18406c988b813f302bb227d0/diff",
                "WorkDir": "/var/lib/docker/overlay2/b6d0d37faec7c071970c4880b019ff1d55f117ef18406c988b813f302bb227d0/work"
            },
            "Name": "overlay2"
        },
        "Mounts": [  # 挂载
            {
                "Type": "bind",
                "Source": "/home/volume",  # 主机内目录
                "Destination": "/home",  # 容器内目录，目标地址
                "Mode": "",
                "RW": true,
                "Propagation": "rprivate"
            }
        ],
        "Config": {
            "Hostname": "813d27116121",  # 容器名
            "Domainname": "",
            "User": "",
            "AttachStdin": false,
            "AttachStdout": false,
            "AttachStderr": false,
            "Tty": false,
            "OpenStdin": false,
            "StdinOnce": false,
            "Env": [  # 环境变量
                "PATH=/usr/local/sbin:/usr/local/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin:/sbin:/bin"
            ],
            "Cmd": [  # command命令行命令
                "/bin/bash",
                "-c",
                "while true;do echo NephrenCake;sleep 1;done"
            ],
            "Image": "centos",
            "Volumes": null,
            "WorkingDir": "",
            "Entrypoint": null,
            "OnBuild": null,
            "Labels": {
                "org.label-schema.build-date": "20201204",
                "org.label-schema.license": "GPLv2",
                "org.label-schema.name": "CentOS Base Image",
                "org.label-schema.schema-version": "1.0",
                "org.label-schema.vendor": "CentOS"
            }
        },
        "NetworkSettings": {
            "Bridge": "",
            "SandboxID": "a58ab6299e5a5cb4b40068484267752f8958795d9073e2bf70ad47478cfd76e3",
            "HairpinMode": false,
            "LinkLocalIPv6Address": "",
            "LinkLocalIPv6PrefixLen": 0,
            "Ports": {},
            "SandboxKey": "/var/run/docker/netns/a58ab6299e5a",
            "SecondaryIPAddresses": null,
            "SecondaryIPv6Addresses": null,
            "EndpointID": "8b66ea3b5e36bc2599ef8f9f8423036daec31b9df332ba6a9a6924125c3770d9",
            "Gateway": "172.18.0.1",
            "GlobalIPv6Address": "",
            "GlobalIPv6PrefixLen": 0,
            "IPAddress": "172.18.0.3",
            "IPPrefixLen": 16,
            "IPv6Gateway": "",
            "MacAddress": "02:42:ac:12:00:03",
            "Networks": {  # docker网络
                "bridge": {  # 桥接网卡
                    "IPAMConfig": null,
                    "Links": null,
                    "Aliases": null,
                    "NetworkID": "c49bd3c9074eccb131f580ae87a0f639459d8fbfb6106ff16d95de982f955cb6",
                    "EndpointID": "8b66ea3b5e36bc2599ef8f9f8423036daec31b9df332ba6a9a6924125c3770d9",
                    "Gateway": "172.18.0.1",
                    "IPAddress": "172.18.0.3",
                    "IPPrefixLen": 16,
                    "IPv6Gateway": "",
                    "GlobalIPv6Address": "",
                    "GlobalIPv6PrefixLen": 0,
                    "MacAddress": "02:42:ac:12:00:03",
                    "DriverOpts": null
                }
            }
        }
    }
]

# 镜像的元数据================================================================================================
[root@VM-1-14-centos ~]# docker image inspect centos
[
    {
        "Id": "sha256:300e315adb2f96afe5f0b2780b87f28ae95231fe3bdd1e16b9ba606307728f55",
        "RepoTags": [
            "centos:latest"
        ],
        "RepoDigests": [
            "centos@sha256:5528e8b1b1719d34604c87e11dcd1c0a20bedf46e83b5632cdeac91b8c04efc1"
        ],
        "Parent": "",
        "Comment": "",
        "Created": "2020-12-08T00:22:53.076477777Z",
        "Container": "395e0bfa7301f73bc994efe15099ea56b8836c608dd32614ac5ae279976d33e4",
        "ContainerConfig": {
            "Hostname": "395e0bfa7301",
            "Domainname": "",
            "User": "",
            "AttachStdin": false,
            "AttachStdout": false,
            "AttachStderr": false,
            "Tty": false,
            "OpenStdin": false,
            "StdinOnce": false,
            "Env": [
                "PATH=/usr/local/sbin:/usr/local/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin:/sbin:/bin"
            ],
            "Cmd": [
                "/bin/sh",
                "-c",
                "#(nop) ",
                "CMD [\"/bin/bash\"]"
            ],
            "Image": "sha256:6de05bdfbf9a9d403458d10de9e088b6d93d971dd5d48d18b4b6758f4554f451",
            "Volumes": null,
            "WorkingDir": "",
            "Entrypoint": null,
            "OnBuild": null,
            "Labels": {
                "org.label-schema.build-date": "20201204",
                "org.label-schema.license": "GPLv2",
                "org.label-schema.name": "CentOS Base Image",
                "org.label-schema.schema-version": "1.0",
                "org.label-schema.vendor": "CentOS"
            }
        },
        "DockerVersion": "19.03.12",
        "Author": "",
        "Config": {
            "Hostname": "",
            "Domainname": "",
            "User": "",
            "AttachStdin": false,
            "AttachStdout": false,
            "AttachStderr": false,
            "Tty": false,
            "OpenStdin": false,
            "StdinOnce": false,
            "Env": [
                "PATH=/usr/local/sbin:/usr/local/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin:/sbin:/bin"
            ],
            "Cmd": [
                "/bin/bash"
            ],
            "Image": "sha256:6de05bdfbf9a9d403458d10de9e088b6d93d971dd5d48d18b4b6758f4554f451",
            "Volumes": null,
            "WorkingDir": "",
            "Entrypoint": null,
            "OnBuild": null,
            "Labels": {
                "org.label-schema.build-date": "20201204",
                "org.label-schema.license": "GPLv2",
                "org.label-schema.name": "CentOS Base Image",
                "org.label-schema.schema-version": "1.0",
                "org.label-schema.vendor": "CentOS"
            }
        },
        "Architecture": "amd64",
        "Os": "linux",
        "Size": 209348104,
        "VirtualSize": 209348104,
        "GraphDriver": {
            "Data": {
                "MergedDir": "/var/lib/docker/overlay2/e7f999e147eaa9cc6658059fe0a66e6f6bca79957c99cf69bfe563b82bcbd2be/merged",
                "UpperDir": "/var/lib/docker/overlay2/e7f999e147eaa9cc6658059fe0a66e6f6bca79957c99cf69bfe563b82bcbd2be/diff",
                "WorkDir": "/var/lib/docker/overlay2/e7f999e147eaa9cc6658059fe0a66e6f6bca79957c99cf69bfe563b82bcbd2be/work"
            },
            "Name": "overlay2"
        },
        "RootFS": {
            "Type": "layers",
            "Layers": [  # 分层
                "sha256:2653d992f4ef2bfd27f94db643815aa567240c37732cae1405ad1c1309ee9859"
            ]
        },
        "Metadata": {
            "LastTagTime": "0001-01-01T00:00:00Z"
        }
    }
]

进入正在运行的容器

  • 方法1：execute
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docker exec -it 容器id /bin/bash  # 根据id重新进入容器交互，交互的command为/bin/bash

[root@VM-1-14-centos ~]# docker exec -it 813d27116121 /bin/bash
[root@813d27116121 /]#
  • 方法2：attach
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docker attach 容器id  # 根据id重新进入容器交互，交互的command为之前设置的内容

[root@VM-1-14-centos ~]# docker attach 813d27116121
NephrenCake
......

在容器和宿主机之间拷贝文件

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docker cp 容器id:容器内路径 目的主机的路径
docker cp 要拷贝的文件路径 容器名：要拷贝到容器里面对应的路径

[root@VM-1-14-centos ~]# docker cp 813d27116121:/home/test.java /home

这里拷贝是一个手动的过程，后面使用卷技术可以实现自动同步。

小结

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docker commit -a "liuyifei" fd9913dfe5ba  sealocr:v1 
docker save -o my_ubuntu_v3.tar runoob/ubuntu:v3
docker export -o seal-ocr.tar fd9913dfe5ba

image-20210423164827183

部署Nginx、Tomcat、ES+Kibana

可视化

  • portainer
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docker run -d -p 8080:9000 \
--restart=always -v /var/run/docker.sock:/var/run/docker.sock --privileged=true portainer/portainer

# 内网9000，外网8080
# --restart=always 启动方式
# -v 将数据挂载到本机
# --privileged=true 授权
# portainer/portainer 安装控制面板
  • Rancher

在 持续集成/持续部署(CI/CD) 时使用。